1. juvenile ['dʒu:vənail]
adj. 青少年的;幼稚的n. 青少年;少年读物
【真题例句】Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.许多研究青少年犯罪(即低龄人群犯罪)的理论要么强调个人要么强调社会是导致犯罪的主要因素。
【青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency】青少年犯罪主要是依据人的生理年龄所作的犯罪类别划分。在我国有关的法律文件中,对“青少年”的概念未予明确的界定。就其词义而言,“青少年”即指青年与少年的合称,“青年”是指人从十五六岁到三十岁左右的年龄段,“少年”指人从十岁左右到十五六岁的年龄段。理论界对青少年犯罪的概念有狭义和广义之分。
2. private ['praivit]
adj. 私人的;私有的n. 列兵;二等兵
【真题例句】The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. 该论文的作者来自不同的大学,他们的发现是基于对一所匿名私立大学147名学生(他们均完成了这个项目)所做的研究。
3. consumerism [kən'sju:mə,rizəm]
n. 保护消费者利益运动;用户至上主义
【真题例句】Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.结果是,根据儿童消费历史学家丹尼尔·库克的说法,它是20世纪30年代才开始流行的,源自制衣商的一个市场营销花招。
【知识拓展】消费主义(consumerism)是当今美国文化研究里经常出现的语词。这里所谓“消费”并不是传统政治经济学范畴里所指的对物品的需求与满足,而是指人与物品之间的关系。《消费社会》的作者鲍德里亚(Jean Baudrillard)认为消费构成当下资本主义社会的内在逻辑;美国学者詹明信所谓晚期资本主义文化逻辑也含盖消费社会。在消费社会里,生活中的一切都成了消费品。消费品的普遍存在证明资本主义的合理,“消费社会首先论证了资本主义平等的神话。
4. obesity [əu'bi:səti]
n. 肥大,肥胖
【真题例句】Is obesity really a disease?肥胖真的是种病吗?
5. committee [kə'miti]
n. 委员会
【真题例句】In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he agreed with a committee report this year which said that self-regulation did not offer sufficient control.在给下院媒体选择委员会主席格拉德·考夫曼的一封信中,埃尔温勋爵说他同意该委员会今年的报告,该报告指出对媒体的自我约束没有实施足够的监控。
6. equivalent [i'kwivələnt]
adj. 等价的,相等的n. 等价物,相等物
【真题例句】There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid- '90s equivalent of dropping out.对于那些想过简单生活的人来说,有许多很畅销的帮你轻松生活的自助书籍;有各种像《守财奴简报》这样的简讯,给美国人提供成千上万条有用的点子,从回收保鲜膜到自制肥皂;甚至还有一些帮助团体,帮助有些人按90年代中期逃避社会现实的人的生活方式去生活。
7. commodity [kə'mɔditi]
n. 商品,货物;日用品
【真题例句】He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮:留作种子,留作预防恶劣天气影响的保障措施,以及作为商品卖掉,来更换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。
【词汇辨析】commodity 是指商品,特指工业制成品(非原料、半成品)。
freight虽然也有货物的意思,但不常用,通常是指运费、货运.指“货物”时,可与goods互换,此系美国英语.在英国,freight志指船装货物。
goods 是货物的泛称,一般生活或商业用词,指销售或购入的商品。
cargo ship 即货船,是常用搭配,还有eg.cargo flight 货机航班 。
merchandise 正式用词,指商业上销售或商家拥有货物的总称.泛指商品,不特指某一商品。
8. innate [,i'neit]
adj. 先天的;固有的;与生俱来的
【真题例句】Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness. 这本书的主角拒绝变成文明人,即:不上学,不学习读书写字。这样他就能保存自己善良的本性。
9. likewise ['laikwaiz]
adv. 同样地;也
【真题例句】Likewise among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an indicator of good health.同样,对年长者来说,略微超重常常是健康的标志。
10. psychiatrist [sai'kaiətrist]
n. 精神病学家,精神病医生
【真题例句】Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said : "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front. " 皇家精神学院院长迪尼斯·布格拉教授说:“如果要让孩子们知道食物对他们成长的影响,让他们明白有些食物是有害的,至少预先要有一些信息可供参考。”