1. predominance [pri'dɔminəns]
n. 优势；卓越
【真题例句】Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.领先优势的丧失同样不可避免地令人感到痛苦。
2. policymaker ['pɔlisi,meikə]
n. 政策制定者；决策人
【真题例句】This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries.这种“人才流失”现象长期困扰着贫困国家的决策者。
3. refuge ['refju:dʒ]
n. 避难；避难所；庇护v. 避难；逃避
【注】熟词僻义，在这里refuge意思是“避风港”。
【扩展】cortisol皮质醇
【真题例句】Researchers measured people's cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.研究人员测量了人们在工作中和家里的皮质醇（压力大小的标志）；家里应是个避风港，但人们在家中时皮质醇值却更高。
【知识拓展】皮质醇
皮质醇(cortisol)是从肾上腺皮质中提取出的是对糖类代谢具有最强作用的肾上腺皮质激素，即属于糖皮质激素的一种。皮质醇有时用来专指基本的“应激激素”。
压力状态下身体需要皮质醇来维持正常生理机能；如果没有皮质醇。身体将无法对压力作出有效反应。若没有皮质醇，当狮子从灌木丛中向我们袭来时，我们就只能吓得屁滚尿流、目瞪口呆动弹不得。然而借由积极的皮质醇代谢，身体能够启动起来逃走或者搏斗；因为皮质醇分泌能释放氨基酸（来自肌肉）、葡萄糖（来自肝脏）以及脂肪酸（来自脂肪组织），这些被输送到血液里充当能量使用。
皮质醇在操纵情绪和健康、免疫细胞和炎症、血管和血压间联系，以及维护缔结组织（例如骨骼、肌肉和皮肤）等方面具有特别重要的功效。压力状态下，皮质醇一般会维持血压稳定和控制过度发炎。
4. sophisticate [sə'fistikeit]
vt. 弄复杂；使变得世故；
【真题例句】Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient ,rather than big and often empty.密斯精致的设计展示让人们不会注意到他所设计的空间并不是又大又空，而是小巧实用。
5. resident ['rezidənt]
adj. 居住的；住院医师；定居的n. 居民
【注】draw the conclusion得出结论
【真题例句】Thus, we can securely draw the conclusion that a good many rural residents have rushed into the cities and towns.因此我们可以得出可靠的结论——大量乡村居民已经涌入了城镇。
6. vitality [vai'tæləti]
n. 活力，生气；生命力，生动性
【注】not least尤其，相当重要
【真题例句】If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.如果雄心壮志的传统要继续保持活力，那么它就应该受到广泛的推崇，尤其应该受到那些受人仰慕的人们的高度重视，而那些受过教育的人更应包括在内。
7. additional [ə'dɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l]
adj. 附加的，额外的
【真题例句】During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。
8. insight ['insait]
n. 洞察力；洞悉
【真题例句】Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students' educational experiences, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students "like them' can improve.由于美国高校几乎不承认学生所在的社会阶层会如何影响学生的教育经历，许多第一代大学生不能深刻理解他们为什么会陷入困境，也不明白像他们这样的学生如何提升自己。
9. rapidly ['ræpɪdlɪ]
adv. 迅速地；很快地；立即
【真题例句】With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman. 由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。
10. survive [sə'vaɪv]
v. 幸存；生还；幸免于；比...活得长
【真题例句】The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nationwide debate in Britain. 延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。虽然至少目前，它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。
